It is interesting to note the extended connections between so-called “civilian” university research programs, their graduates, and the institutions of secrecy where ENMOD and weather warfare technologies are most likely – and, it seems, certainly -- under development.
A major player at least peripherally,
if not totally, involved in the secret arena of ENMOD warfare technology research,
development and deployment is Science Applications International Corporation
– SAIC -- the original developer of Department of Defense information technologies
like Arpanet – the military precursor to the Internet. UCLA Professor Mario
Gerla developed the communications structure for the Multimedia Intelligent
Network of Unattended Mobile Agents, or Minuteman project, described above (Section
5): Dr. Gerla worked for the US government on the Arpanet. [188] As noted above, computational superiority
– the Internet and other supercomputing and information technologies – is a
turnkey technology for ENMOD realization.
Raytheon Corporation and GE Aerospace are both major players and both have had major collaborative programs with the University of Massachusetts Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE). In the 1980s both corporations hired and then funded U-Mass ECE graduate students who went on to work for them. The GE / U-Mass Microwave Master’s Engineering Program was one such collaboration, discontinued by the early 1990s. [189] The Raytheon collaboration continues, and Raytheon currently employs numerous former ECE and MIRSL (Microwave Remote Sensing Laboratory) Master’s and Ph.D. graduate students.
Raytheon’s Surveillance and Reconnaissance Systems Division produces a wide array of “highly advanced tactical and strategic sensors” for major air and space programs: key products [were] deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom, including the Integrated Sensor Suite onboard the Global Hawk(UAV) and AAS-52 Multi-Spectral Targeting System aboard the RQ-1 Predator(UAV). A 2001 contract award is upgrading the intelligence gathering capability of the U-2 aircraft. Raytheon provides the Tactical Control System ground stations for major UAV programs including Global Hawk, RQ-1 Predator, Shadowand Fire Scout UAVs. Raytheon Technical Services provides support for some 50 scientists working through the winter at the South Pole. [190]
D irectors of Raytheon Corporation (2002) include John Deutch, also an Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a former Deputy Secretary of Defense (under Clinton) and Director of Intelligence at the CIA (circa 1996). John Deutch is also a director of Cummins Engine Company, closely aligned with General Dynamics, Boeing, Lockheed, and the media giant Gannett Company. He is also a past paid consultant to Martin Marietta. [191] The Gannett media conglomerate shares directors with Lockheed McCorkindale), and Cummins engine (James A. Johnson).
Raytheon Director John. H. Tilelli, Jr., retired as General from the U.S. Army (2000), was in charge of Command operations in Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm. Tilelli is now President and CEO of Cypress International, a private military corporation serving elite DOD and intelligence interests (in some untransparent capacity).
It is important to note that John H. Tilelli was also General, U.S. Army, Commander in Korea, and that South Korea has major ongoing ENMOD programs certainly developed under U.S. military tutelage. These Korean ENMOD programs include:
Following other programs underway in China and Japan (since 1998), the Korea programs are integral to aerospace warfighting, weather-making and C3IST/R capabilities. These efforts are a collaboration of the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) and -- it should be no surprise to learn -- the Office of Naval Research. [192] KARI is also behind the Korea Multi-Purpose Satellite (KOMPSAT) program -- a series of multipurpose satellites (first one launched 1999) for “earth resources sensing and scientific experiments.” Supporting KOMPSAT is TRW. [193]
Recall that GE Research Labs at Schenectady pioneered early weather modification experiments through Project Cirrus in the 1940s. GE Aerospace Electronics Laboratory, Syracuse, (NY), was heavily involved in research and design of beyond state-of-the-art technologies for aerospace radar, communications, EW, C4ISR, C4IST and SATCOM (satellite communications) applications. Major programs pursued through the 1980s supported larger GE in-house contracts and industry partnerships (e.g. Hughes, Boeing, Lockheed) contracts on SBR (Space-Based Radar), DMSP and MILSTAR satellite constellations, and other defense programs. (Hughes Space and Communications Company is a leading satellite supplier for NASA and U.S. DOD.) A major thrust of the laboratory was the development of GaAs (gallium arsenide) integrated circuits to enable planned Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) sensors and weapons technologies. The Electronics Laboratory was involved in numerous highly restricted classified programs. It was one of the many GE Aerospace assets purchased by Lockheed-Martin in the early 1990s.
A company called Prosensing Inc., (Amherst, MA), was created by a Ph.D. graduate of the MIRSL programs; other MIRSL graduates retain key Prosensing management and research positions. Prosensing recently (circa 2001) merged with another local company called Quadrant Engineering. University of Massachusetts MIRSL Professors Calvin T. Swift and Robert E. Macintosh (d. 1997) founded Quadrant Engineering in 1981. [194] Quadrant and Prosensing work with numerous Department of Defense contractors, including the Office of Naval Research (ONR); Air Force Research Lab (AFRL) at Hanscom AFB (MA); NASA and NOAH.
At least one Ph. D. candidate currently enrolled in the MIRSL programs has a NATO Secret security clearance. [195] Access to some University of Massachusetts buildings – including the building housings the offices of professors – requires card keys. Several graduate students now work with Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Labs – also involved in highly classified space and defense programs. At least one MIRSL Ph. D. graduate is now employed by SAIC – again, one of the most secretive institutions of the National Security apparatus.
SAIC has ongoing collaborations with Bechtel – another of the world’s most secretive aerospace technology, energy infrastructure and defense contractors, and one with ties to the intelligence community at the highest and deepest levels. [196] SAIC works closely with DARPA – Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency -- the granting agency behind HAARP and many other secretive advanced research and development programs. [197]
SAIC directors include: U.S. Navy Admiral B.R. Inman (Ret.); U.S. Army General W.A. Downing (Ret.); and U.S. Air Force General J.A. Welch (Ret.). [198] (SAIC also has an ongoing collaboration with the multibillion-dollar pharmaceutical giant Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS). Unsurprisingly, through shared directorships, BMS is economically and politically aligned with the New York Times Corporation.) SAIC has long been entrenched with major oil, gas and nuclear interests. SAIC has also been flagged for involvement in highly questionable U.S. mercenary activities and human rights violations in Africa. [199]
No surprise either, SAIC provides major support for core agencies of the U.S. intelligence apparatus – the National Reconnaissance Office – and SAIC has invested heavily in advanced Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. The NRO is/was a major pillar of the national security apparatus, enmeshed with the National Security Agency (far more critical and secretive than the CIA), and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The NRO builds and operates America’s spy satellites, and they specialize in intelligence-gathering and information warfare. In recent years, the NRO has implemented a series of actions declassifying some of its operations. The organization itself was declassified in September 1992 followed in 1994 by the declassification of the location of its headquarters in Chantilly, VA.
The pivotal -- if somewhat obscure -- position that SAIC occupies in the defense and intelligence matrix can be gleaned somewhat by considering that in July 2002, when General Atomics sold state-of-the-art LYNX radar systems to the U.S. Army, the deal was procured through Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC). Used on both manned and UAV platforms, the superior resolution and range of the LYNX system enables full operational capability -- even through clouds and rain. [200]
The Vigilante Vertical Takeoff and Landing UAV was first developed and later refined under SAIC’s internal R&D program. SAIC recently received a Navy contract to deliver a reengineered version of Vigilante and fly it in a tactical demonstration. Clearly delineating the expected uses of these UAVs in their Annual Report – always for the betterment of the civilized world --- SAIC notes that Vigilante applications “could include border surveillance, oil pipeline monitoring, and special operations missions.” (No doubt these special operations missions will further secure American military superiority at the expense of the world’s innocent, poor -- and already disenfranchised – people.)
Former SAIC senior Vice-President David Overskei also served as a former senior Vice-president for General Atomics. David Overskei sits on the San Diego Telecoms Council with now SAIC Corporate Vice-President Carl Silva, and he is one of the directors of a defense and intelligence insider company called Polexis Incorporated. Executives David E. Baldwin of General Atomics, Harold Forsen of Bechtel (Ret.), and John Davis of Boeing Company all hold director’s seats for the Fusion Power Association, a public relations trade group for the nuclear (fusion) industry.
Polexis Inc. directors include Vice-Admiral USN Jerry O. Tuttle, a 39-year veteran flyer of advanced aerospace platforms with the U.S. Navy; former Director of SPAWAR (Space and Electronic Warfare Command) 1989-1994; former Director for C3 systems on the Joint Chiefs of Staff; and former Deputy Director for Intelligence at the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA). (Tuttle is also involved with Oracle Systems Corporation: Oracle counts among its directors former U.S. Republican Vice-Presidential candidate Jack Kemp.) Note that the Joint Chiefs of Staff is essentially special operations programs control, and the liaison agency through which special (covert) operations are designated and implemented.
Polexis director Jeffrey S. Herman is a former SPAWAR researcher responsible for oversight of Polexis programs with DARPA and SPAWAR. Through numerous DOD agencies, Polexis directors Barret Richey and Micheal Glasgow both have deep historical ties to classified intelligence and defense programs agencies. Polexis partners include SAIC; the MITRE Corporation; Bechtel; Lockheed Martin; General Atomics and Northrup Grumman.
When SAIC says that they “lead a multi-contractor team that provides performance analysis of future systems architectures” we can be sure that these “future systems” include highly secretive “black” programs buried in the belly of the beast. Amongst these, no doubt, are weather warfare technologies and expertise.
Our space experts also analyze programs and alternatives in conjunction with the National Security Space Architect, Air Force Space Command, and National Reconnaissance Office. Our engineers are developing and integrating systems to collect and process information, and to enable correlation and coordinated communication of battle conditions. For the Air Force Space and Missile Systems Center, we provide planning, systems engineering, and integration for advanced space development and warfighter exploitation… Today’s environment and infrastructure challenges demand the ability to understand, integrate, and optimize natural processes and human systems. [201]
Again, it would be naïve, irresponsible and absurd to assume that the U.S. defense-intelligence apparatus is pursuing such lethal and comprehensive weapons technologies, but ignoring ENMOD research and development that might deny U.S. forces optimal conditions, or give “the enemy” some military (environmental) advantage. How does a military force “optimize natural processes?”
G. E. James, “Chaos Theory: The Essentials for Military Applications,” ACSC Theater Air Campaign Studies Course Book, AY96, Vol. 8. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1995.
Capt Edward E. Hume Jr., Atmospheric and Space Environmental Research Programs in Brazil (U), March 1993. Foreign Aerospace Science and Technology Center, Air Force Intelligence Command, 24 September 1992. (Secret) Information extracted is unclassified.
Edward M. Tomlinson, Kenneth C. Young, and Duane D. Smith Laser Technology Applications for Dissipation of Warm Fog at Airfields, PL-TR-92-2087. Hanscom AFB, Mass.: Air Force Materiel Command, 1992.
Peter M. Banks, “Overview of Ionospheric Modification from Space Platforms,” in Ionospheric Modification and Its Potential to Enhance or Degrade the Performance of Military Systems, AGARD Conference Proceedings 485, October 1990, 19-1.
Paul A. Kossey, et al. “Artificial Ionospheric Mirrors (AIM): Concept and Issues,” in Ionospheric Modification and its Potential to Enhance or Degrade the Performance of Military Systems, AGARD Conference Proceedings 485, October 1990.
Alaska North Slope Electric Missile Shield, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), Contract No. DAAHD1-86-C-0420, February 1986, Arlington, VA.